What are Parasitic Diseases?
A parasitic disease is a disease caused by a parasitic organism (Rogers, 2020). There are two types of parasitic organisms that affect animals; Helminths and Ectoparasites (Kinman, 2018). Helminths are worms that feed on and in an animals body, examples include roundworm (Mandal, 2019). Ectoparasites feed on a hosts skin and includes ticks and fleas (Afzal et al., 2021).
What are Infectious Diseases?
An infectious disease negatively affects an individuals health (Feigin & Garg, 2022). They are caused by a pathogenic organism, and can be spread via direct transmission from an infected individual or a contaminated inanimate object (Hochberg & Van Seventeen, 2017). Examples of infectious diseases include Kennel Cough in dogs and Myxomatosis in Rabbits.
Preventative Treatments for
Man’s (and Woman’s!) Best Friend
(Pinker, 2020)
Parasitic Diseases
Fleas
Fleas are small, bloodsucking, wingless ectoparasites that are carriers of disease (Traub & Rothschild, 2022). The bite of a flea causes an allergic reaction, causing your dog to scratch due to itchiness (Pagán, 2021). Fleas should be dealt with as soon as possible, to reduce the risk of your dog contracting a disease from them, including Tapeworm, Flea-bite Anaemia (Kramer, 2016) and Bartonellosis (Wag, 2020).
Treating Fleas
It is better to prevent fleas than to treat them. The use of oral and topical flea treatments can be used to not only prevent but to treat flea infestations. The treatment should be applied as soon as possible, to minimise the chances of flea-related illnesses arising (RSPCA, n.d.).
Treatment of the house environment for fleas is advised so they do not return. Cleaning dog beds regularly and vacuuming of the house will help keep the fleas at bay (Gamble, n.d.).
How does my dog get fleas?
Fleas thrive in high grass, sand and shrubbery (Fantastic Pest Control, 2022). Fleas enjoy hitchhiking on our clothes which can then be brought into the home and introduced to our pet. They are also excellent jumpers and can jump from one dog to another, such as when they are playing with a flea infested dog (Mitchell, 2022).
Preventing Fleas
Oral and topical flea treatments can be used to prevent fleas in dogs (Murphy, 2018). Topical flea treatments are placed on the back of the dogs neck, with the fur parted and a drop of treatment applied to the area (Colegrave, n.d.). Topical treatments often include the active ingredients Fipronol (e.g.., Frontline Spot-on) and Imidacloprid (e.g., Advantage). These ingredients attacks the nervous system of the flea, ultimately paralysing and killing them (Murphy, 2018).
Oral flea treatments come as a pill or tablet. Oral flea treatments contain Isoxazoline chemicals to ward off fleas (Kerns, 2019). Fluralaner and afoxolaner, are commonly used in oral treatments (Malmanger, 2020). Fluraner is a potent insecticide and acaricide (Gaens, 2019) and is used in chewable tablets for both flea and tick control, attacking their nervous system (Burgess et al., 2020). Likewise, Afoxolaner attacks both flea and ticks, yet has to be given more regularly than that of Fluraner based flea treatments (Walden, 2016b).
Infectious Diseases
Kennel Cough
Kennel Cough is a very common respiratory disease caused by Bordetella Bronchiseptica and Canine Parainfluenza (Hickling, 2022). Symptoms include hacking cough, nasal discharge and fever-like signs (Walden, 2016a). The disease is spread by respiratory droplets from infected dogs, even dogs that are asymptomatic can spread the disease (Walden, 2019).
Treating Kennel Cough
The vaccine for kennel cough doesn’t give 100% protection against the illness. Yet, it does adequately reduce the chances of catching and experiencing harsh symptoms of kennel cough (PDSA, 2020a). A dog with kennel cough should recover within 3 weeks without any veterinary intervention (Playforth, 2021). It is advised to aid recovery that dogs get plenty of rest, avoid the use of collars to eliminate pulling on their throat, and ensure that their environment is highly ventilated (Waterworth, 2021).
Preventing Kennel Cough
Kennel Cough can be prevented by the Bordetella bronchiseptica vaccine. The vaccine can be given to a puppy at as young as 3 weeks old! (Blue Cross, 2021). Live strains of 92b or B-C2 are most commonly used active ingredients within the kennel cough vaccine. (Veterinary Medicines Directorate, 2018). The vaccination is delivered nasally as drops, yet despite this vaccine not being core, it is highly recommended for multi-dog households and dogs that come into contact with other dogs frequently (Stregowski, 2021). The vaccines deliver a live, but weakened, bordetella antigens into the body, initiating an immune response (WHO, 2020). The Bordetella bronchiseptica vaccine should be administered every 12 months so that they are kept up to date (PDSA, 2020).
Preventative Treatments for your Rabbit
(Richardson, 2022)
Parasitic Diseases
E. Cuniculi
E. Cuniculi is a multisporidial parasite that causes both central nervous system and renal disease in rabbits (Bradley et al., 2019). Over 50% of the pet rabbit population in the UK are exposed to e. cuniculi (Shackleton, 2017). Common signs of E. Cuniculi includes head tilt, cloudy eyes (Wright, 2014) nystagmus, ataxia and paresis (Mancinelli, 2015). The disease can be spread through urinary spores, which can then be eaten by rabbits through contaminated water or food (Vets Now, 2020). Baby rabbits, i.e. kits, can be inutero infected in the womb of an infected mother (Axelson & Rich, n.d.).
Treating E. Cuniculi
Treating E. Cuniculi is largely focused on stopping spore creation and eradicating inflammation (Shackleton, 2017). Fenbendazole is a broad-spectrum anti-parasitic drug, which treats a variety of helminths, i.e. parasitic worms (Fitzgerald & Newquist, 2013; Papich, 2016). It is a benzimidazole based drug, which is used in a variety of anti-parasitic drugs (Kamanna, 2019). The drug is given orally via a syringe directly (Meridian Veterinary Practice, 2013). Fenbendazole kills the parasites by binding to tublin, a type of protein, interfering with the E. Cuniculi to produce energy and ultimately killing the parasite (Burke, 2017; Van Gels, 2022).
Fenbendazole slows and or halts the multiplication of E. Cuniculi within rabbits, and the treatment should be carried out for at least 28 days (Clark, 2020).
Preventing E. Cuniculi
Fenbendazole is recommended to be given to a new rabbit for 4 weeks orally after being brought home (Richardson, n.d.). E. Cuniculi cannot be fully prevented, as the parasite is found within the environment and in wild rabbits (PDSA, n.d.).
Although Fenbendazole is used primarily for the treatment of rather than the prevention of E. Cuniculi, it should be given to individuals more predisposed as a precautionary measure (Magalhaes et al., 2022). All juvenile rabbits, also known as a kit, should be routinely treated, as well as infected individuals (Yeates, 2019). If they do have the E. Cuniculi virus, the fenbendazole will destroy the pathogen and stop it from causing further internal damage. Luckily, if they do not have the disease, the medication has no side effects yet still keeps them protected (RVC, n.d.).
E. Cuniculi spores stay within the environment at 72°f/22°c for up to 7 weeks and over a few months in humid areas (Agognon et al., 2021). The rabbits environment should be cleaned regularly, to ensure the spread of E. Cuniculi through contaminated food, water or environment (Prime, 2022). The environment should be cleaned with 0.1% bleach or 70% ethanol for a 1 minute contact time to kill E. Cuniculi in the environment (Noonan, 2017).
Infectious Diseases
Preventing Myxomatosis
It is highly recommended that your rabbit should be vaccinated against Myxomatosis at as young as 7 weeks old (Speight, 2020). This vaccination both protects your rabbit from Myxomatosis and Viral Haemorrhagic Disease, also known as VHD, another highly contagious and fatal disease (Faraday, 2021). Small amounts of weakened myxomatosis virus are introduced into the rabbits body, and then their immune system will recognises the virus and create antibodies to fight it, so immunity is gained (European Medicines Agency, 2019).
Rabbits that are kept outdoors and are exposed to wild rabbits are more likely to contract the virus (Varga, 2014). Ensuring there is no areas of stagnant water present in your garden means vectors will be less attracted to the area (Blue Cross, 2022). Outdoor rabbit hutches should have bug-proof guards to ensure no vector of myxomatosis can enter and affect the rabbit (PDSA, 2022b). If you also have dogs and cats, ensuring they are up to date on their worming treatment will ensure they can not be spread to your rabbit (RWAF, 2020).
Treating Myxomatosis
Unfortunately there is no specified treatment for the myxomatosis virus. Intensive treatment of the virus gives the rabbit the best chance of survival, despite the recovery chances being slim to none (Faulkner, 2022), fatally rates of myxomatosis are as high as 99% (DeMello, 2022). Intensive treatment will regularly involve fluid therapy, anti-inflammatories for swelling, antibiotics for secondary infections and ensuring a warm environment (Riley, 2020; Vet Help Direct, 2020). Environmental temperature should be around 84°f or 28°c. Despite a veterinarians and owners greatest efforts to treat a rabbit with myxomatosis, they are rarely triumphant (Riley, 2020).
Myxomatosis
Myxomatosis is a serious, and rapidly fatal, viral disease (McLeod, 2022). It is rapidly spread via blood sucking parasites, including fleas, mosquitos and ticks (Blue Cross, 2022).
Clinical signs of a rabbit with myxomatosis include:
- Discharge from the eyes
- Lethargy
- Inappetance
- Fluid around eyes, ears, mouth and nose
- Respiratory stress
(Dinev, 2012; Playforth, 2020)
Multi-Rabbit Households
If myxomatosis is contracted by one of your rabbits in your herd, isolate them immediately! (Silva, n.d.). Any new additions to a rabbit colony should be isolated for at least 3 weeks before introducing them, ensuring the new rabbit is healthy and not infectious with a disease (PDSA, 2020b).
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